Stability of Two-Dimensional Viscous Incompressible Flows under Three-Dimensional Perturbations and Inviscid Symmetry Breaking

Abstract

In this article we consider weak solutions of the three-dimensional incompressible fluid flow equations with initial data admitting a one-dimensional symmetry group. We examine both the viscous and inviscid cases. For the case of viscous flows, we prove that Leray--Hopf weak solutions of the three-dimensional Navier--Stokes equations preserve initially imposed symmetry and that such symmetric flows are stable under general three-dimensional perturbations, globally in time. We work in three different contexts: two-and-a-half-dimensional, helical, and axisymmetric flows. In the inviscid case, we observe that as a consequence of recent work by De Lellis and Szekelyhidi, there are genuinely three-dimensional weak solutions of the Euler equations with two-dimensional initial data. We also present two partial results where restrictions on the set of initial data and on the set of admissible solutions rule out spontaneous symmetry breaking; one is due to P.-L. Lions and the other is a consequence of our viscous ...