Stability and sustainability: Efficacy of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) relative to GTP, CTP and UTP substantiated by principle of least variance

Abstract

The unstable bonds of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) are investigated in relation to those for the GTP, CTP and UTP. Two existing efficacies Eff A: GTP>UTP>CTP>ATP and Eff B: ATP>UTP>CTP>GTP can be substantiated, respectively, by two least variance inequalities Var A: ΔRGTP>ΔRUTP>ΔRCTP>ΔRATP and Var B: ΔRATP>ΔRUTP>ΔRCTP>ΔRGTP. The verification involves computing the R-integrals and their variances ΔR from the nanometer displacements of the molecules of the S49 wild-type lymphoma cells. They are relevant to the coupling of the β2-adrenoreceptor (β2AR) to Gs protein, expressed as β2AR-Gαs.Application of the least variance principle, Eff A and B is identified with the NTP (nucleoside 5′-triphosphates). They can enhance or inhibit the agonist-stimulated AC (adenylyl cyclase) activity. Eff A is found to be more stable with a longer sustaining time than Eff B. These findings are consistent with the behavior of potentially reactive molecules.Corrective measures of ATP production can be used as an adjustment at the molecular scale to compensate for the unstable character of the ATP molecules. Quantitative assessment of the reactive process of ATP can also provide information on the breakdown of RNA and DNA. A possible approach is to couple the use of energy-release and non-equilibrium thermodynamics with the principle of least variance.