Stability and Change in Mental Health Profiles from Middle Adulthood to Very Old Age

Abstract

ABSTRACT Objectives This study investigates mental health (MH) through the dual-factor model, emphasizing both well-being and ill-being. Our objectives were to (1) identify MH profiles based on this model; (2) track these profiles over time; and (3) explore socio-demographic and physical health factors associated with these profiles. Methods We employed Latent Transition Analysis on data from 5,561 individuals aged 39–92, using two waves from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe. Well-being was assessed via life satisfaction and quality of life, while ill-being was measured through depression and loneliness. The predictors were socio-demographic and physical health variables. Results Four distinct MH profiles emerged, each with unique levels of well-being and ill-being. Stability was more common in adaptive profiles. Physical health was key in predicting transition. Conclusions Identifying MH profiles in old age enhances our understanding of how MH adapts with aging. This approach reveals the complexity of MH beyond traditional ill-being, underscoring the importance of well-being. Clinical implications • The majority of older adults maintain good MH, suggesting a need for a paradigm shift toward enhancing well-being rather than solely treating ill-being. • Effective MH interventions should integrate both well-being and ill-being assessments to offer understanding and support.