Abstract
A finite element analysis to predict the instability of soil–steel structures is presented. For the steel segment, beam–column elements that accommodate geometric nonlinearity as well as plastic hinge formation are used. Constant and linear strain triangular and quadrilateral elements simulate the soil media in conjunction with spring-type interface elements. A hyperbolic stress–strain relationship models the soil remote from the conduit; an elastoplastic soil model is chosen for regions of high stress gradients above and around the conduit. The formulation is capable of following the initiation and propagation of failure in the soil and its effect on the conduit stability. Analytical failure loads are compared with experimental results and those predicted by the Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code (OHBDC) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) specifications.
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