Abstract
Nanociliates have been frequently found to be important players in the marine microbial loop, however, little is known about their diversity and distribution in coastal ecosystems. We investigated the molecular diversity and distribution patterns of nanoplanktonic oligotrich and choreotrich (OC) ciliates in surface water of three neritic basins of northern China, the South Yellow Sea (SYS), North Yellow Sea (NYS), and Bohai Sea (BS) in June and November 2011. SSU rRNA gene clone libraries generated from three summertime samples (sites B38, B4 and H8) were analyzed and revealed a large novel ribotype diversity, of which many were low-abundant phylotypes belonging to the subclass Oligotrichia, but divergent from described morphospecies. Based on the data of terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of all 35 samples, we found that the T-RF richness was generally higher in the SYS than in the BS, and negatively correlated with the molar ratio of P to Si. Overall, multidimensional scaling and permutational multivariate analysis of variance of the community turnover demonstrated a distinct seasonal pattern but no basin-to-basin differentiation across all samples. Nevertheless, significant community differences among basins were recognized in the winter dataset. Mantel tests showed that the environmental factors, P:Si ratio, water temperature and concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO), determined the community across all samples. However, both biogeographic distance and environment shaped the community in winter, with DO being the most important physicochemical factor. Our results indicate that the stoichiometric ratio of P:Si is a key factor, through which the phytoplankton community may be shaped, resulting in a cascade effect on the diversity and community composition of OC nanociliates in the N-rich, Si-limited coastal surface waters, and that the Yellow Sea Warm Current drives the nanociliate community, and possibly the microbial food webs, in the coastal ecosystem in winter.
Highlights
Ciliates are a morphologically diverse protozoan group with body lengths generally ranging from 10 to about 2,000 mm
We aimed to reveal the molecular diversity, spatiotemporal distribution pattern of nano-sized oligotrich and choreotrich (OC) ciliates in surface waters of the neritic oceans in two seasons using rDNA clone library construction, sequencing, and newly developed terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP)
Temperature was significantly higher in the South Yellow Sea (SYS) (14.560.4uC) than the North Yellow Sea (NYS) (12.660.6uC) or Bohai Sea (BS) (12.560.7uC) in the winter (t-test, P,0.01), but no statistical differences were found among regions in the summer (16.6–18.1uC)
Summary
Ciliates (phylum Ciliophora) are a morphologically diverse protozoan group with body lengths generally ranging from 10 to about 2,000 mm. It was observed that nanociliates comprised up to 57% of the total biomass of heterotrophic nanoplankton in diverse marine systems [10], 17% of oligotrich biomass in surface water of the northwest Mediterranean Sea [13], and about 36% or 23% of abundance in the oligotrophic Eastern Mediterranean [14,15]. In the Neva estuary of Baltic Sea, ciliate communities were composed essentially of pico- and nano-filterers (mostly algivorous) during the warm season, and became less important in the cold season; the most abundant size groups were small ciliates (20–30 mm) and nanociliates (,20 mm); nanociliates were represented essentially by different oligotrichids, scuticociliates, litostomatids and prostomes [18]
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