Abstract
Signal recognition particle (SRP) is an RNA and protein complex that exists in all domains of life. It consists of one protein and one noncoding RNA in some bacteria. It is more complex in eukaryotes and consists of six proteins and one noncoding RNA in mammals. In the eukaryotic cytoplasm, SRP co-translationally targets proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum and prevents misfolding and aggregation of the secretory proteins in the cytoplasm. It was demonstrated recently that SRP also possesses an earlier unknown function, the protection of mRNAs of secretory proteins from degradation. In this review, we analyze the progress in studies of SRPs from different organisms, SRP biogenesis, its structure, and function in protein targeting and mRNA protection.
Highlights
Cells have a very complex network of a number of cellular organelles surrounded by different membranes
The cost of mistargeting, is large; many diseases are attributed to the aberrant localization of proteins, which results in cytotoxic aggregation, degradation, loss of expression, and misfolding of proteins
In order to increase mitochondrial specificity, these ambiguous signal sequences are often modified with myristoyl or have a second start codon to produce a protein that decreases the affinity of the nascent chain for signal recognition particle (SRP) [32,33]
Summary
Cells have a very complex network of a number of cellular organelles surrounded by different membranes. To maintain their viability, cells constantly transport proteins from the place of their synthesis to these organelles or outside of the cells. The correct identification and targeting of proteins are vital to ensure that the proteins are accurately folded, active, and delivered to the right place at the right time with the precise amount of protein needed. The cells have evolved several mechanisms and many specific protein targeting signals to ensure fast, efficient, and accurate targeting of proteins to prevent these problems. We briefly discuss different protein targeting signals and focus on one of the major secretory pathways, the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway, SRP biogenesis, SRP structure, and SRP cellular function
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