Abstract
The concept of optical temperature sensing, based mainly on the band intensity ratio, line shift, or luminescence lifetimes, is utilized for noninvasive and rapid detection of local temperature val...
Highlights
Temperature, the fundamental physical parameter affecting physicochemical and biological properties of materials and living organisms can be traditionally measured by the use of various metallic or liquid thermometers, thermocouples, and pyrometers
Optical thermometers use the temperature-dependent spectroscopic parameters, mainly the band intensity ratio of the thermally coupled levels (TCLs) of different lanthanide ions (Ln3+; e.g., Er3+, Ho3+, Tm3+, Pr3+, Nd3+), luminescence lifetimes, line shift, bandwidth, and so forth.[3−5,7,10,14−27] The first parameter using the TCLs is most frequently used, it suffers of rather low relative temperature sensitivity (Sr), limited to the energy difference (≈200−2000 cm−1)
This compound was synthesized via a facile and low-cost hydrothermal method, providing nonagglomerated and monodisperse, nearly spherical NPs, with an average size of about 13 ± 2 nm
Summary
Temperature, the fundamental physical parameter affecting physicochemical and biological properties of materials and living organisms can be traditionally measured by the use of various metallic or liquid thermometers, thermocouples, and pyrometers. Optical thermometers use the temperature-dependent spectroscopic parameters, mainly the band intensity ratio of the thermally coupled levels (TCLs) of different lanthanide ions (Ln3+; e.g., Er3+, Ho3+, Tm3+, Pr3+, Nd3+), luminescence lifetimes, line shift, bandwidth, and so forth.[3−5,7,10,14−27] The first parameter using the TCLs is most frequently used, it suffers of rather low relative temperature sensitivity (Sr), limited to the energy difference (≈200−2000 cm−1). We show that, by using the band intensity ratios of non-TCLs of Yb3+, Ho3+, and Er3+, it is possible to construct an optical nanothermometer exhibiting the exceptionally high Sr values, exceeding 9% K−1 at room temperature To present this concept, we used the multidoped Sr2LuF7:Yb3+−Ho3+−Er3+ upconverting NPs (λex = 975 nm), showing a broad range luminescence in the visible and NIR parts of the spectrum (400−1700 nm), covering spectral ranges of three biological windows (BWs). All spectroscopic measurements as a function of temperature were performed using a diluted (C ≈ 1 mg/mL) aqueous colloidal solution of the Sr2LuF7:Yb3+−Ho3+−Er3+ NPs
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