Abstract
Multisource satellite remote sensing data and the World Ocean Atlas 2018 (WOA18) temperature and salinity dataset have been used to analyze the spatial distribution, variability and possible forcing mechanisms of the upwelling off Manaung Island, Myanmar. Signals of upwelling exist off the coasts of Manaung Island, in western Myanmar during spring. It appears in February, reaches its peak in March and decays in May. Low-temperature (<28.3 °C) and high-salinity (>31.8 psu) water at the surface of this upwelling zone is caused by the upwelling of seawater from a depth below 100 m. The impact of the upwelling on temperature is more significant in the subsurface layer than that in the surface layer. In contrast, the impact of the upwelling on salinity in the surface layer is more significant. Further research reveals that the remote forcing from the equator predominantly induces the evolution of the upwelling, while the local wind forcing also contributes to strengthen the intensity of the upwelling during spring.
Highlights
Upwelling usually refers to the upward movement of water, caused by the divergence of the flow in the surface layer of the ocean [1]
Since deeper water is usually enriched with nutrients, it tends to increase a supply of nutrients to upper oceanic layers and forms the basis for the high productivity of upwelling regions
Possible dynamic mechanisms leading to the evolution process of the upwelling were explored for the first time
Summary
Upwelling usually refers to the upward movement of water, caused by the divergence of the flow in the surface layer of the ocean [1]. Follow-up studies demonstrated the low-temperature zone located at the northwestern coasts of Myanmar 15–20◦ N during the winter monsoon, which was considered a sign of upwelling [12,31]. This conclusion was supported by the satellite-derived Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) data [32]. In this paper, satellite observations and the World Ocean Atlas 2018 (WOA18) temperature and salinity data were used to analyze the characteristics and causes of the upwelling in the northwestern coast of Myanmar during the winter monsoon. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces the data and method used in this study; Section 3 analyzes the spatial distribution and evolution process of the upwelling in the study area; Section 4 presents the dynamic mechanisms of the upwelling; discussions and, conclusions are stated in Sections 5 and 6, respectively
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