Springs occurrence and its geological controls in Sulamu, Central Fatuleu and West Fatuleu, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Abstract

Springs are one of the water sources which can be used to meet the water needs of the community. Springs can be the main reliable source of water during the dry season in areas experiencing drought such as Kupang. This study aims to present observational data at the research area to find the relationship between the occurrence of springs and the geological conditions using field observation method for mapping the spring occurrence and its geological conditions. The results shows that there are 23 springs exist in the study area. The emergence of springs is generally found in limestone, which are 11 springs, then in conglomerate with 4 springs, 3 springs in the claystone, 3 springs in sandstone, 1 spring in schist, and 1 spring in alluvial. Based on the morphology, 8 springs found on hillsides, 8 springs at the foothills, 6 springs in the valley, and 1 spring on the alluvial plains. The largest discharge is 110.98 ℓ/s appears in limestone at the foothill (break of slope). Meanwhile, the spring with the smallest discharge, 0.04 𝓁/s, is located in claystone on the hillside. But most of all, the springs occurrence are related to fractures and dissolution holes in rocks.