Abstract
Theoretical expressions of diametrical compressive, in-plane bending-shear and bending torsional stiffnesses of E-glass/epoxy composite circular springs embedded with nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy wires based on the principle of minimum potential energy are developed. The feasibility of utilising NiTi alloy wires in altering the spring rates of a composite circular ring is demonstrated in this study. Three-dimensional finite element analysis has been employed to study the transverse shearing effects. Eight woven E-glass/epoxy composite circular springs without NiTi alloy wires and eight composite circular springs with NiTi alloy wires were fabricated and tested. Comparison studies of the results obtained from both the analytical and numerical models are made with experimental data, and the results are found to be satisfactory.
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