Abstract
Plant phenology depends largely on temperature, but temperature alone cannot explain the Northern Hemisphere shifts in the start of the growing season (SOS). The spatio–temporal distribution of SOS sensitivity to climate variability has also changed in recent years. We applied the partial least squares regression (PLSR) method to construct a standardized SOS sensitivity evaluation index and analyzed the combined effects of air temperature (Tem), water balance (Wbi), radiation (Srad), and previous year’s phenology on SOS. The spatial and temporal distributions of SOS sensitivity to Northern Hemisphere climate change from 1982 to 2014 were analyzed using time windows of 33 and 15 years; the dominant biological and environmental drivers were also assessed. The results showed that the combined sensitivity of SOS to climate change (SCom) is most influenced by preseason temperature sensitivity. However, because of the asymmetric response of SOS to daytime/night temperature (Tmax/Tmin) and non-negligible moderating of Wbi and Srad on SOS, SCom was more effective in expressing the effect of climate change on SOS than any single climatic factor. Vegetation cover (or type) was the dominant factor influencing the spatial pattern of SOS sensitivity, followed by spring temperature (Tmin > Tmax), and the weakest was water balance. Forests had the highest SCom absolute values. A significant decrease in the sensitivity of some vegetation (22.2%) led to a decreasing trend in sensitivity in the Northern Hemisphere. Although temperature remains the main climatic factor driving temporal changes in SCom, the temperature effects were asymmetric between spring and winter (Tems/Temw). More moisture might mitigate the asymmetric response of SCom to spring/winter warming. Vegetation adaptation has a greater influence on the temporal variability of SOS sensitivity relative to each climatic factor (Tems, Temw, Wbi, Srad). More moisture might mitigate the asymmetric response of SCom to spring/winter warming. This study provides a basis for vegetation phenology sensitivity assessment and prediction.
Highlights
Plant phenology, especially the start of the growing season (SOS), is a highly sensitive indicator of the impacts of climate change on the biosphere [1,2,3].The early onset of vegetation spring phenology has been widely reported as an indicator of the climate warming [1,3,4]
In the Northern Hemisphere (Figure 3a) showed that meteorological variables had the strongest influence on SOS during the month in which SOS occurred, and the intensity of the impact decreased with increasing months
Among the water-related indicators, actual evapotranspiration (Aet) had the strongest effect on SOS followed by melting snow water equivalent (Ms) This may be due to the direct effect of temperature on evapotranspiration and snowmelt, indicating an SOS response to temperature
Summary
Especially the start of the growing season (SOS) (or spring green-up date), is a highly sensitive indicator of the impacts of climate change on the biosphere [1,2,3]. The early onset of vegetation spring phenology has been widely reported as an indicator of the climate warming [1,3,4]. Vegetation phenology fine-tunes itself according to the environment; it is closely linked to climate variability [5,6]. Phenological changes regulate vegetation feedback to the climate system by influencing the regional and global carbon budget, water flux, and energy balance [4,9]. Improving the knowledge on phenology change and its drivers is essential to better understand and model the relationship between ecosystems and the climate system
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