Spread through Air Spaces (STAS) Is an Independent Predictor of Recurrence and Lung Cancer–Specific Death in Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Abstract

IntroductionSpread through air spaces (STAS) is a recently recognized pattern of invasion in lung adenocarcinoma; however, it has not yet been characterized in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). MethodsWe reviewed 445 resected stage I to III lung SCCs and investigated the clinical significance of STAS. Cumulative incidence of recurrence and lung cancer–specific death were evaluated by competing risks analyses and overall survival by Cox models. ResultsOf the total 445 patients, 336 (76%) were older than 65 years. Among the 273 patients who died, 91 (33%) died of lung cancer whereas the remaining ones died of competing events or unknown cause. STAS was observed in 132 patients (30%) and the frequency increased with stage. The cumulative incidences of any, distant, and locoregional recurrence as well as lung cancer–specific death were significantly higher in patients with STAS compared with in those without STAS, whereas there was no statistically significant difference in overall survival. In multivariable models for any recurrence and lung cancer–specific death, STAS was an independent predictor for both outcomes (p = 0.034 and 0.016, respectively). ConclusionSTAS was present in one-third of resected lung SCCs. In competing risks analysis in a cohort in which three-fourths of the patients were elderly, STAS was associated with lung cancer–specific outcomes. Our findings suggest that STAS is one of the most prognostically significant histologic findings in lung SCC.