Spread of exotic birds in Japan

Abstract

Introduction of exotic birds into Japan has been increasing. So far, forty- three species have bred at least once here. Most of these exotic species were imported as caged birds and entered the natural environments either accidentally or deliber- ately. Dominant taxa are Psittacidae, Passeridae (Estrildinae and Ploceinae) and Sturnidae. Most of the exotic birds are established in habitats disturbed by humans such as reed beds, riparian grasslands, croplands, and towns. Exceptions are Timali- idae such as the Red-billed Leiothrix Leiothrix lutea and the Melodious Laughing Thrush Garrulax canorus, which have invaded indigenous forests. Although most species are restricted to small particular areas, the Red-billed Leiothrix has been rap- idly increasing and expanding its geographical range. Serious adverse influences by introduced birds on local ecosystems, biota and human economic resources have not been pronounced yet in Japan, except for crop damage or other economic damages by the Feral Pigeon Columba livia and Light-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus sinensis for- mosae. Therefore, public concern about avian introduction is low in Japan. Strict con- trol of import of exotic birds, a registration system of caged birds, eradication and management of established exotic birds, and more research and public education about avian introduction are necessary.