Abstract
This study evaluated whether dietary spray-dried plasma (SDP) can ameliorate inflammation, lethargic behaviors, and impairment of reproduction caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge during late pregnancy. Two experiments were conducted with 125 mated female mice (C57BL/6 strain) in each experiment. All mice were shipped from a vendor on the gestation day (GD) 1 and arrived at the laboratory on GD 3. Mice were randomly assigned to dietary treatments with or without 8% SDP in the diet. On GD 17, mice determined pregnant by BW and abdomen shape were randomly assigned to intraperitoneal injections with or without 2 μg LPS. In experiment 1, 17 mice (26.7 ± 1.7 g BW) were identified pregnant and euthanized 6 h after the LPS challenge to measure inflammatory responses in uterus and placenta. In experiment 2, 44 mice (26.0 ± 1.6 g BW) were identified pregnant and euthanized 24 h after the LPS challenge to assess behavior and late-term pregnancy loss. Growth performance and reproductive responses, such as loss of pregnancy, percentage of fetal death, and etc., were measured in all pregnant mice. The LPS challenge increased (P < 0.05) uterine and placental tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ, late-term pregnancy loss, and lethargy score, and decreased (P < 0.05) uterine transforming growth factor-β1, moving time and number of rearing, and growth and feed intake. The SDP decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in one or both tissues, and the lethargy score, and increased (P < 0.05) moving time and number of rearing, growth of pregnant mice, and fetal weight. However, the SDP did not affect late-term pregnancy loss caused by the LPS challenge. Consequently, dietary SDP attenuated acute inflammation and lethargic behaviors of pregnant mice caused by the LPS challenge, but did not affect late-term pregnancy loss after the acute inflammation.
Highlights
Several studies have shown that acute inflammation during late pregnancy can cause fetal death, fetal growth retardation, and pregnancy loss [1, 2, 3]
The LPS challenge increased (P < 0.05) the concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ; Fig 1[A] and 1[B], respectively) in both uterus and placenta and reduced the concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, P = 0.085; TGF-β1, P < 0.05; Fig 1 [C] and 1[D], respectively) in the uterus only compared with the PBS challenge
The Spray-dried plasma (SDP) reduced (P < 0.05) the concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β1) in uterus and of TGF-β1 in placenta compared with the CON
Summary
Several studies have shown that acute inflammation during late pregnancy can cause fetal death, fetal growth retardation, and pregnancy loss [1, 2, 3]. There is accumulating evidence that SDP in diets of lactating sows improves their subsequent reproductive performance, including interval from weaning to estrus and farrowing rate, especially during summer months associated with heat stress [7, 8, 9]. The connection between SDP and late pregnancy under acute inflammatory conditions has not been explored. We hypothesized that inclusion of SDP in the diet may attenuate fetal death, fetal growth retardation, and pregnancy loss
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