Abstract
We utilise spray-coating under ambient conditions to sequentially deposit compact-TiO2, mesoporous-TiO2, CH3NH3PbI(3−x)Clx perovskite and doped spiro-OMeTAD layers, creating a mesoporous standard architecture perovskite solar cell (PSC). The devices created had an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.2% and a peak PCE of 10.2%; values that compare favourably with control-devices fabricated by spin-casting that had an average efficiency of 11.4%. We show that our process can be used to create devices having an active-area of 1.5 cm2 having an independently verified efficiency of 6.6%. This work demonstrates the versatility of spray-coating as well as its potential as a method of manufacturing low-cost, large-area, efficient perovskite devices.
Highlights
Within the last seven years, devices based on perovskite absorbers have emerged as a leading thin-film photovoltaic (PV) technology, having power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) rising from 3.8%1 to over 20%2
We have developed a method to fabricate multilayer standard architecture perovskite solar cells in which all solution processible layers were deposited by spray-casting
We show that this method can be used to fabricate cells with a peak PCE of over 10% and an average of 9.2%, with a relatively low distribution in cell performance (σ = 0.6)
Summary
Within the last seven years, devices based on perovskite absorbers have emerged as a leading thin-film photovoltaic (PV) technology, having power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) rising from 3.8%1 to over 20%2. If PSCs are to fulfil their promise as a low-cost, high-volume source of sustainable energy, their deposition must be achieved using truly scalable techniques[12] This is a growing area of research, with perovskite materials being deposited by ink-jet printing[13], slot-die coating[14], doctor-blading[15] and spray-coating[16,17,18,19]. To develop a practical manufacture process to fabricate large-area perovskite PV, it is imperative that all layers within the device should be deposited via a scalable technique (ideally on a flexible substrate making it compatible roll to roll processing) This has only been demonstrated in a few cases, with most studies using inflexible glass substrates. As far as we are aware, this is the first example of ultrasonic spray-coating being used to deposit a doped spiro-OMeTAD hole-transport layer, as well as the first example of a multilayer spray-cast mesoporous PSC
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