Spray Applications in Internal Combustion Engines

Abstract

Modern internal combustion engines running on liquid fuels employ injection of the liquid as the means of delivering fuel to the engine. In spark-ignition (SI) engines, there may be port fuel injection (PFI), throttle-body injection (TBI), or direct injection (DI). In compression ignition (CI) engines, injection may be into the port as in homogeneous-charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines or into the chamber as in conventional diesel engines. Injection pressures vary from 2 to 3 bar in PFI engines to 2,000 bar or higher in conventional DI diesel engines. Injection systems may be electronically controlled as in PFI and common-rail injectors (CRIs), or mechanically controlled. Injectors, sprays, and modes of fuel–air mixing in the engines are reviewed in this chapter. Engines selected for detailed discussion are PFI homogeneous-charge SI engines, gasoline direct injection (GDI) SI engines, diesel engines, and low-temperature combustion compression-ignition engines.