Abstract
In this paper we review the underlying principles of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique, particularly emphasizing its advantages along with its limitations regarding the ability to discriminate between the specific binding response and the interfering effects from biological samples. While SPR sensors were developed almost three decades, SPR detection is not yet able to reduce the time-consuming steps of the analysis, and is hardly amenable for miniaturized, portable platforms required in point-of-care (POC) testing. Recent advances in near-field optics have emerged, resulting in the development of SPR imaging (SPRi) as a powerful optical, label-free monitoring tool for multiplexed detection and monitoring of biomolecular events. The microarrays design of the SPRi chips incorporating various metallic nanostructures make these optofluidic devices more suitable for diagnosis and near-patient testing than the traditional SPR sensors. The latest developments indicate SPRi detection as being the most promising surface plasmon-based technique fulfilling the demands for implementation in lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technologies.
Highlights
The last two decades have witnessed the outstanding breakthrough of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology in clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, drug discovery, and polymer engineering, covering a broad area of health and biological sciences [1,2,3]
The new generation of SPR devices incorporating these metallic nanostructures has the coupling of light into resonance oscillation on the nano-structured benefits ofthe small foot-print for the detection, ease of ofcharge beingdensity integrated into an array surface
The overwhelming number of studies dedicated to SPR assays using metallic NPs, with various shapes and sizes, reveal the huge impact of these structures on the sensitivity and resolution of the SPR devices
Summary
The last two decades have witnessed the outstanding breakthrough of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology in clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, drug discovery, and polymer engineering, covering a broad area of health and biological sciences [1,2,3]. The performances of the SPR sensors in terms of instrumentation, data processing, and analysis appear to be fully exploited and developed in the last six years, yet reaching a plateau, probably due to the rise of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) [12] and SPR imaging (SPRi) assays [13]. These SP (surface plasma)-based optical techniques offer much higher sensitivity and facile extension to a highly multiplexed architecture than conventional SPR [4,14]. The SPR sensor configuration from prism to optic fiber coupling with nanostructures for local field enhancement [11], the modulation type, and the possibility to exploit the surface acoustic waves (SAW) mixing in a microfluidic system to reduce the long lasting periods of the SPR bioassays, will be underlined
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