Abstract
Depressive symptoms may co-occur within couples and follow similar trajectories, but relatively little is known about this process in old age. This study thus examined the association between some spousal characteristics (spouse's depressive symptoms, age difference between spouses) and the trajectory of depressive symptoms in older adults. Participants ≥65 years old were drawn from the Health and Retirement Study (N = 12,010; Mean age = 70.60 and 69.16 for target husbands and wives, respectively). Depressive symptoms were measured with a short form of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. Hierarchical Linear Modeling was used to model up to 9 assessments of depressive symptoms of target spouses (Mean number of CESD assessments per target spouse = 3, range 1–9). Depressive symptoms between spouses were correlated; convergence over time was modest. For both husbands and wives, having a younger spouse was associated with more depressive symptoms at age 65. These results suggest that there is concordance between spouses' depressive symptoms and that the age difference between spouses contribute to depressive symptoms as couples enter old age. The association between spouses' depressive symptoms is nearly as strong as the effect of each decade increase in age.
Highlights
Depressive symptoms may co-occur within couples and follow similar trajectories, but relatively little is known about this process in old age
We addressed our first question of interest, whether spouses’ depressive symptoms were associated with the intercept and slope of the target spouse (Table 2)
We estimated the trajectory of depressive symptoms using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) from up to nine assessments of depressive symptoms
Summary
Depressive symptoms may co-occur within couples and follow similar trajectories, but relatively little is known about this process in old age. This study examined the association between some spousal characteristics (spouse’s depressive symptoms, age difference between spouses) and the trajectory of depressive symptoms in older adults. Depressive symptoms between spouses were correlated; convergence over time was modest For both husbands and wives, having a younger spouse was associated with more depressive symptoms at age 65. Less research has addressed the mental health correlates of age differences between living spouses in older adulthood. We extend this line of research to examine whether an age gap between spouses has a similar association with depressive symptoms during life. Given that age differences between spouses are associated with worse mental health in widowhood, we expect that an age gap between spouses will be associated with more depressive symptoms
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