Abstract
AbstractAimEarly warning against potentially harmful organisms of woody plant species can be achieved by sampling sentinel plants in exporting countries. However, it is unclear where sentinel plants can best be located, and how many samples are required and when and how often sampling optimally should take place for the adequate assessment of the biodiversity associated with the target plant species. We aimed to review spatial and temporal factors affecting associate biodiversity of single woody plant species and to develop guidance for the design of global biodiversity sampling studies.LocationWorldwide.TaxonInsects and Fungi.MethodsLiterature about factors affecting the diversity of insects and fungi in association with single plant species on global, regional, local and different temporal scales was reviewed. Case studies of insect and fungal diversity, primarily collected on single plant species, and the cost of collecting and analysing samples from locations around the world were analysed.ResultsThe review of the literature illustrated various factors affecting diversity, and the case studies allowed quantification of the relative impact of some spatial, temporal and financial aspects on captured biodiversity and, thus, illustrate the need to consider all possible factors that may affect the result of the sampling when deciding on a sampling design.Main conclusionsOur study illustrates the factors that should be considered when deciding on the location and timing of sampling for sentinel plants, which is important because of the trade‐off between the number of samples and sampling locations needed to detect many of the species which may be potential pests, and the cost of (repeated) sampling in many locations. Decisions about the sampling design must be based on the objective of the sampling, but our recommendations apply irrespective of the targeted plant species or country.
Highlights
Non‐native pests of woody plants are a serious threat to forest resources and have caused significant negative economic, biodiversity and livelihood impacts (e.g. Aukema et al, 2010; Kenis, Rabitsch, Auger‐Rozenberg, & Roques, 2007)
The aim of this paper is to provide guidance for the design of studies for the assessment of species diversity associated with any single woody plant species on a large geographic scale, to create lists of organisms that may be used by plant protection organizations for Pest Risk Assessment (PRA)
In our Croatian case study, we found significant correlations be‐ tween the diversity captured in each plot after eighteen years and the diversity captured after less than 10 years, indicating that early results can provide an indication of the total diversity at a location
Summary
Non‐native pests (including pathogens; FAO, 2015) of woody plants are a serious threat to forest resources and have caused significant negative economic, biodiversity and livelihood impacts (e.g. Aukema et al, 2010; Kenis, Rabitsch, Auger‐Rozenberg, & Roques, 2007). The increase in intercontinental trade volume coincides with an increase in the number of potentially serious pests in all parts of the world, and strong border biosecurity is needed to minimize the risk of ad‐ ditional pests being introduced (Wingfield, Brockerhoff, Wingfield, & Slippers, 2015) Most countries focus their efforts and measures to prevent the introduction of new non‐native harmful organisms on known pests (Eschen, Roques, & Santini, 2015). The majority of the recently established non‐native pests were not known prior to their establishment (Brasier, 2008), and more information about organisms associated with imported woody plant species is needed (Eschen, Britton, et al, 2015) This information is very important for the preparation of accurate Pest Risk Assessment (PRA; FAO, 1995) and for ranking the relative risk of different host plants or commod‐ ities as sources of invasive pests and pathogens for targeted for in‐ spections (Eschen et al, 2017). Global patterns in diversity of pests of woody plants or for plant–pest relationships have not been studied
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