Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe transmission chains of measles observed in Poland during 2008-2009. A decade ago, the incidence of measles in Poland declined and approached one case per million inhabitants one of the World Health Organization's criteria for measles elimination. Following a period of very few reported measles cases (2003 to 2005), an increase in incidence was observed in 2006. Since then, the incidence has constantly exceeded one case per million inhabitants. Of 214 measles cases reported in 2008 and 2009 in Poland, 164 (77%) were linked to 19 distinct outbreaks, with 79% of cases belonging to the Roma ethnic group. Outbreaks in the non-Roma Polish population had different dynamics compared to those in the Roma population. On average, measles outbreaks in Roma communities involved 10 individuals, seven of whom were unvaccinated, while outbreaks in the non-Roma Polish population involved five individuals, half of whom were incompletely vaccinated. The majority of outbreaks in Roma communities were related to importation of virus from the United Kingdom. In six outbreaks, the epidemiologic investigation was confirmed by identification of genotype D4 closely related to measles viruses detected in the United Kingdom and Germany. Our data indicate that Poland is approaching measles elimination, but measles virus circulation is still sustained in a vulnerable population. More efforts are needed to integrate the Roma ethnic group into the Polish healthcare system and innovative measures to reach vulnerable groups should be explored.
Highlights
In 1998 Poland implemented a measles elimination programme, coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe
Seven outbreaks were due to importation of the disease from the United Kingdom (UK), and 12 involved only indigenous transmission
One of the 164 outbreak cases, excluded from further analysis, occurred in a Ukrainian citizen who arrived in Poland in February 2009
Summary
In 1998 Poland implemented a measles elimination programme, coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe. It requires monitoring consecutive stages of the elimination by tracking secondary outbreak cases, genotyping of detected measles viruses (MV) and serological testing of all suspected cases of measles [1]. Measles has been a notifiable disease in Poland since 1919. The first dose of the monovalent measles vaccine for children aged 13-15 months was introduced in Poland in 1975, and the second dose for seven year old children was implemented in 1991. In 2005 the monovalent measles vaccine was replaced by the combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, administered at the age of 13-15 months and 10 years
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