Abstract
The behavior of lyotropic biomimetic systems in drug delivery was reviewed. These behaviors are influenced by drug properties, the initial water content, type of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLC), swell ability, drug loading rate, the presence of ions with higher or less kosmotropic or chaotropic force, and the electrostatic interaction between the drug and the lipid bilayers. The in vivo interaction between LCC—drugs, and the impact on the bioavailability of drugs, was reviewed. The LLC with a different architecture can be formed by the self-assembly of lipids in aqueous medium, and can be tuned by the structures and physical properties of the emulsion. These LLC lamellar phase, cubic phase, and hexagonal phase, possess fascinating viscoelastic properties, which make them useful as a dispersion technology, and a highly ordered, thermodynamically stable internal nanostructure, thereby offering the potential as a sustained drug release matrix for drug delivery. In addition, the biodegradable and biocompatible nature of lipids demonstrates a minimum toxicity and thus, they are used for various routes of administration. This review is not intended to provide a comprehensive overview, but focuses on the advantages over non modified conventional materials and LLC biomimetic properties.
Highlights
Designed materials that explore specific, adjustable, reversible, and biodegradable interactions offer advantages over non modified conventional materials, for both regenerative medicine and controlled or target-specific drug delivery systems
Zhou et al (2014) and Fong et al (2016) concluded that lyotropic liquid crystals (LLC) materials will continue to evolve as unique systems with advantageous physical, chemical, and biological properties, which will be exploited in a wide range of advanced biomedical material and devices, and which will bring about changes in medical settings [61,62]
Fong et al (2016) completed the important review on responsive, self-assembled nanostructured lipid systems for drug delivery and diagnostics. They summarized the distinctive features of this LLC and concluded that the promising applications of LLC depend of the synergistic exploitation of the mesophases and the advancement of science [62]
Summary
Designed materials that explore specific, adjustable, reversible, and biodegradable interactions offer advantages over non modified conventional materials, for both regenerative medicine and controlled or target-specific drug delivery systems. Imitated organic LC types are analogous, wherein the orientational sequence is frozen in solid form (mammalian connective tissues, fish dermal scales, insect and crustacean exoskeletons, and plant cell walls); biopolymer solution (collagen, cellulose, chitin, viral suspension, and Salmonela typhimurium flagella); and in vivo mesophases (DNA, bacterial chromosome, egg shell collagen, spider silk, sickle cell hemoglobin, and synovial fluid). This classification, ambiguous, is used to differentiate the origin of the BLC [11,12,13,14]. The term “liquid” refers to the lack of long-range positional order, and to a “lack of the lattice” within the bilayer plane and to high-speed lateral diffusion; in contrast to gel phase, such as Lβ, which, in this terminology, is considered to be “solid,” with a positional order within the membrane and very slow lateral diffusion [17,18]
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