Abstract
This experimental study examines how the hostile media phenomenon arises in the context of sports-specific media relative to general news media. Audience perceptions of bias can also be triggered by how particular messages are framed, so a second goal of this study is to clarify how news framing relates to the hostile media phenomenon. Participants (N = 124) read a news story, varying in news source (The Sporting News versus Fox News versus MSNBC) and news framing (outcome versus value frame), on the NFL national anthem controversy. Results revealed that partisan individuals viewed a news story from the sports-specific media vehicle as neutral or more favorable toward their own position than the general news outlets. Also, an outcome-framed news story evoked less hostile media perception than a value-framed news story.
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