Abstract

In young athletes, bi-articular muscle injury from an indirect force usually occurred at the attachment of the muscles. We reviewed these indirect injuries and an attempt was made to analyze the mechanisms of these fractures using electromyography and motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Particular consideration was given to the stress imposed on bi-articular muscles. Previous reports indicated that the stress might concentrate in the origin of the sartorius and tensor fascia lata during sprinting, in the origin of the rectus femoris during ball kicking, and in the insertion of the rectus femoris during vertical jumping.

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