Abstract
Sporotrichosis is an endemic mycosis caused by the species of the Sporothrix genus, and it is considered one of the most frequent subcutaneous mycoses in Mexico. This mycosis has become a relevant fungal infection in the last two decades. Today, much is known of its epidemiology and distribution, and its taxonomy has undergone revisions. New clinical species have been identified and classified through molecular tools, and they now include Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, Sporothrix brasiliensis, Sporothrix globosa, and Sporothrix luriei. In this article, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis. The results show that the most common clinical presentation of sporotrichosis in Mexico is the lymphocutaneous form, with a higher incidence in the 0–15 age range, mainly in males, and for which trauma with plants is the most frequent source of infection. In Mexico, the laboratory diagnosis of sporotrichosis is mainly carried out using conventional methods, but in recent years, several researchers have used molecular methods to identify the Sporothrix species. The treatment of choice depends mainly on the clinical form of the disease, the host’s immunological status, and the species of Sporothrix involved. Despite the significance of this mycosis in Mexico, public information about sporotrichosis is scarce, and it is not considered reportable according to Mexico’s epidemiological national system, the “Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica.” Due to the lack of data in Mexico regarding the epidemiology of this disease, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico, between 1914 and 2019, that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis.
Highlights
Sporotrichosis is an infection caused by the thermodimorphic fungi of the genus Sporothrix
The data obtained from this review showed that the highest number of sporotrichosis cases in Mexico are located, in descending precedence, in Jalisco (n = 1698), Mexico City (n = 162), Puebla (n = 123), Guerrero (n = 84), and Guanajuato (n = 66)
In Mexico, paraclinical diagnosis of sporotrichosis is mainly carried out using conventional methods; most of the records used for this review considered S. schenckii as the only etiological agent
Summary
Sporotrichosis is an infection caused by the thermodimorphic fungi of the genus Sporothrix. The disease is characterized by nodular lesions in the skin and in the subcutaneous tissue, that subsequently ulcerate, mainly affecting the lymphocutaneous system, but rarely other organs. Sporotrichosis can be classified as cutaneous (which is the most common form) or extracutaneous [1, 6]. There are other classification approaches based on the clinical characteristics of the infection, and they are divided as follows: skin Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis is the most common form, which predominantly affects the upper extremities (forearm and hands) and the facial region. When there is no dissemination, the form is known as fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis. Ocular sporotrichosis is the most common form among the mucous membrane infections, causing conjunctivitis, episcleritis, uveitis, choroiditis, and retrobulbar lesions. Some patients may present a spontaneous resolution of the infection, and there is an immunoreactive form, in which an exacerbated immune response against the fungus may occur [6]
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