Abstract
Background: Maternal pushing during the 2nd stage of labor is indispensable and important contributor to the involuntary expulsive force developed by uterine contraction results to influence on the mother and fetus. Aim: the study was conducted to compare spontaneous versus Valsalva (directed) pushing techniques at the second stage of labor on maternal and fetal outcomes. Methods: Setting: Delivery Unit of El-Fayoum General and University Hospitals. Design: A quasi-experimental comparative study. Subjects: A purposive sample of a total of 100 primiparous women; 50 in the Valsalva (directed) pushing group & 50 in the spontaneous pushing group. Tools: four tools were used; structured interviewing questionnaire sheet, Apgar score, Visual analog scale, and women satisfaction questionnaire. Results: The duration of the second stage of labor was shorter (5-10 min) in a spontaneous pushing (54.0%) group compared to the direct pushing group (2.0%). Oxygen wasn't used at all in spontaneous pushing group compared to 74.0% of directed pushing group. Postpartum hemorrhage was too little in spontaneous pushing group (96.0%) compared to 36.0% of the directed pushing group. Also, all women in the spontaneous pushing group experienced mild perineal pain compared to 32.0% in the directed pushing group (p<0.001). The individual items of the VAS were significantly higher in the directed pushing group than those in the spontaneous pushing group. According to Apgar's score, there was a significant difference between the two groups during both the first and fifth minutes of birth. In the directed pushing group, a higher proportion of babies are admitted to ICU than those in the spontaneous pushing group (18.0 percent versus 10.0 percent). Conclusion; spontaneous pushing during the 2nd stage of labor enhanced neonatal and maternal outcomes; whilst directed pushing was associated with an increased duration of the 2nd stage of labor and risk of adverse neonatal outcomes. Recommendations: It may be recommended that spontaneous pushing during the second stage of childbirth be included in the procedure for maternal hospitals.
Highlights
Childbirth, known as delivery or labor, is the termination of pregnancy when one or more babies leave the uterus through the vaginal canal or by Caesarean section [1, 2]
The tаble revealed that there was а significant concerning the durаtion of the second stage of labor, oxygen use, and use of analgesia
Oxygen not used in 37 women of directed pushing group (74%) and 50 women (100% in spontaneous pushing group)
Summary
Childbirth, known as delivery or labor, is the termination of pregnancy when one or more babies leave the uterus through the vaginal canal or by Caesarean section [1, 2]. Labor is divided into 4 stages, the 1st stage starts from the onset of painful and regular uterine contractions until the full dilatation of the cervix. Maternal pushing during the 2nd stage of labor is indispensable and important contributor to the involuntary expulsive force developed by uterine contraction results to influence on the mother and fetus. Aim: the study was conducted to compare spontaneous versus Valsalva (directed) pushing techniques at the second stage of labor on maternal and fetal outcomes. Results: The duration of the second stage of labor was shorter (5-10 min) in a spontaneous pushing (54.0%) group compared to the direct pushing group (2.0%). All women in the spontaneous pushing group experienced mild perineal pain compared to 32.0% in the directed pushing group (p
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