Abstract
Individuals with high neuroticism had the decreased control functions of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) over amygdala (emotion regions) and low socioeconomic status (SES) had negative effects on the functions of ACC. Based on these, we hypothesized that the decreased functions of ACC might make individuals with low SES had high level of neuroticism. According to the score of objective SES (OSES) and subjective SES (SSES) scales, subjects were divided into four groups (low SSES, high SSES, low OSES and high OSES) to investigate the roles of dynamic characteristics related to the ACC in the relationships between SES and neuroticism using resting-state EEG (RS-EEG) microstates analysis. It had been found that RS-EEG microstates can be divided into four types (MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS4) and the MS3 was related cingulo-opercular brain networks (including ACC and anterior insular). As our prediction, SSES had direct effects on neuroticism relative to OSES. Moreover, the neuroticism for low SSES was positively related to the occurrence and contribution of MS3, as well as the possibilities of transitions between MS3 and MS1. Based on these, we thought that low-SSES individuals might be more difficult to inhibit the negative emotions, especially inhibit the spontaneous thoughts related to these emotions.
Highlights
With the development of cognitive neuroscience, numerous studies had found that brain functions can be investigate under resting state
The negative effects of low SES on neuroticism and its neural basis were investigated by using the resting-state electroencephalogram (RS-EEG) microstate analysis
The results showed that both occurrence and contribution of MS3 were decreased for low SSES relative to high SSES, but this relationship was not observed through comparing low and high OSES
Summary
With the development of cognitive neuroscience, numerous studies had found that brain functions can be investigate under resting state. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) studies furtherly determined lots of brain networks in resting sate, such as the default modal network, attentional network, salient network, visual network and so on[33,34,35]. Except for RS-fMRI, resting-state electroencephalogram (RS-EEG) microstates can simultaneously consider the signal from all electrodes and provide faster dynamics of these brain networks due to its high temporal resolution relative to RS-fMRI36–39. These dynamic characteristics of RS-EEG microstates could reflect the function of brain networks. We speculated that: firstly, due to the more precise evaluation of socioeconomic status by SSES relative to O SES20,26, the neuroticism might be mainly influenced by SSES; secondly, the dynamic characteristics (duration, occurrence and contribution) of MS3 might be negatively influenced by SSES; some characteristics (such as duration, occurrence, contribution) of MS3 might be related to the neuroticism for low SES
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