Abstract
Background and Purpose: The pathogenesis of spontaneous cervical artery dissections (sCAD) and its best medical treatment are debated. This may be due to a lack of clear classification of sCAD. We propose the new Borgess classification of sCAD, based on the presence or absence of intimal tear as depicted on imaging studies and effect on blood flow.Materials and Methods: This is a single-center investigator-initiated registry on consecutive patients treated for sCAD. In the Borgess classification, type I dissections have intact intima and type II dissections have an intimal tear.Results: Forty-four patients and 52 dissected arteries were found. Forty-nine of 52 dissections (93%) were treated with dual anti-platelet therapy. Twenty-one of 52 dissections were type I; 31 were type II. Type I dissections were more likely to present with ischemic symptoms [stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA)] (p = 0.001). More type I dissections occurred in the vertebral artery, while more type II dissections occurred in the internal carotid artery (p < 0.001). Follow-up averaged 18.1 months (range: 3–108 months) with no recurrent ischemic events (stroke, TIA), deaths, or hemorrhage. Forty-six vessels had 6 month follow-up on medical treatment; 19/46 (41%) healed. Type I dissections were more likely to heal than type II (p < 0.001).Conclusion: The two dissection types in the Borgess classification appear to relate to clinical presentation and rate of healing, making the classification useful in clinical management. Dual anti-platelet therapy for sCAD seems to have a very low risk of subsequent stroke; however, a large prospective study is needed to investigate the best treatment.
Highlights
Despite the fact that spontaneous cervical artery dissection is relatively common and diagnosed using modern imaging techniques, its pathophysiology is still surprisingly poorly understood and its treatment still debated [1,2,3,4,5,6]
Type I dissections were more likely to present with ischemic symptoms [stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA)] (p = 0.001)
More type I dissections occurred in the vertebral artery, while more type II dissections occurred in the internal carotid artery (p < 0.001)
Summary
Despite the fact that spontaneous cervical artery dissection (sCAD) is relatively common and diagnosed using modern imaging techniques, its pathophysiology is still surprisingly poorly understood and its treatment still debated [1,2,3,4,5,6]. A few authors have begun to advocate endovascular approaches as a first-line of treatment [7,8,9,10]. We believe this confusion concerning sCAD pathophysiology and treatment is due, at least in part, to the poor definition and classification of the disease process. The pathogenesis of spontaneous cervical artery dissections (sCAD) and its best medical treatment are debated. This may be due to a lack of clear classification of sCAD. We propose the new Borgess classification of sCAD, based on the presence or absence of intimal tear as depicted on imaging studies and effect on blood flow
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