Spontaneous Activation of the Pacific Meridional Overturning Circulation (PMOC) in Long-Term Ocean Response to Greenhouse Forcing

Abstract

Abstract The present-day deep ocean global meridional overturning circulation is dominated by the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), with dense water sinking in the high-latitude North Atlantic Ocean. In contrast, deep-water formation in the subarctic North Pacific is inhibited by a strong upper-ocean halocline, which prevents the development of an analogous Pacific meridional overturning circulation (PMOC). Nevertheless, paleoclimate evidence suggests that a PMOC with deep-water formation in the North Pacific was active, for instance, during the warm Pliocene epoch and possibly during the most recent deglaciation. In the present study, we describe a spontaneous activation of the PMOC in a multimillennial abrupt 4 × CO2 experiment using one of the configurations of the Community Earth System Model (CESM1). Soon after the imposed CO2 increase, the model’s AMOC collapses and remains in a weakened state for several thousand years. The PMOC emerges after some 2500 years of integration, persists for about 1000 years, reaching nearly 10 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), but eventually declines to about 5 Sv. The PMOC decline follows the AMOC recovery in the model, consistent with an Atlantic–Pacific interbasin seesaw. The PMOC activation relies on two factors: (i) gradual warming and freshening of the North Pacific deep ocean, which reduces ocean vertical stratification on millennial time scales, and (ii) upper-ocean salinity increase in the subarctic North Pacific over several centuries, followed by a rapid erosion of the pycnocline and activation of deep-water formation. Ultimately, our results provide insights on the characteristics of global ocean overturning in warm climates.