Abstract
Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) is a steadily growing life-threatening endocrine disorder linked to insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation. Inflammatory microenvironment of adipose tissue constitutes the direct tissue milieu for various cell populations, including adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs), widely considered as a potential therapeutic cell source in the course of the treatment of metabolic disorders. Moreover, elevated oxidative stress induces inflammation in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs)—the first-line cells exposed to dietary compounds. In the conducted research, we showed that in vitro application of Spirulina platensis contributes to the restoration of ASCs’ and IECs’ morphology and function through the reduction of cellular oxidative stress and inflammation. Enhanced viability, suppressed senescence, and improved proliferation of ASCs and IECs isolated from metabolic syndrome-affected individuals were evident following exposition to Spirulina. A protective effect of the investigated extract against mitochondrial dysfunction and degeneration was also observed. Moreover, our data demonstrate that Spirulina extract effectively suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages. In vivo studies showed that horses fed with a diet based on Spirulina platensis supplementation lost weight and their insulin sensitivity improved. Thus, our results indicate the engagement of Spirulina platensis nourishing as an interesting alternative approach for supporting the conventional treatment of equine metabolic syndrome.
Highlights
According to the reports in the field of equine endocrinology, equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)has become a steadily growing life-threatening endocrine disorder associated with a constellation of disturbances comprising significant obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance.It culminates with laminitis that is the second most common cause of death among horses [1]
In the course of the metabolic disorders, adipose tissue abundantly produces a wide range of hormones and pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as accumulates oxidative stress factors, which may play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of EMS [35,36]
Searching for an effective stimulus that might enhance cellular viability, inhibit senescence, and improve proliferative potential of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs) and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) isolated from metabolic syndrome-affected individuals seem to be a promising therapeutic strategy
Summary
According to the reports in the field of equine endocrinology, equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)has become a steadily growing life-threatening endocrine disorder associated with a constellation of disturbances comprising significant obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance.It culminates with laminitis that is the second most common cause of death among horses [1]. ASCs of EMS horses were characterized by elevated oxidative stress, senescent phenotype, enlarged nuclei and cell bodies, increased apoptosis, and reduced heterochromatin architecture. Upregulated oxidative stress was proved to induce inflammation in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) [4,5]. This is especially important in the context of a recently proposed concept, indicating intestinal inflammation as a mediator of obesity and insulin resistance development [6]. IECs are the first-line cells that are exposed to dietary compounds, especially in the small intestine, where they might promote early inflammatory changes, that work in favor of obesity and insulin resistance. It still needs to be elucidated how dietary compounds affect the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in IECs, which contribute to the development of chronic apoptosis
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