Abstract
Algae are emerging as a major and reliable source of renewable biodiesel that could meet the energy requirements of the world. Like plants, algae produce and store oils in their cells. Algal samples were collected from Gujrat District, Pakistan, their oil content was analyzed, and the best oil producing alga was identified as Spirogyra crassa. After collecting sample, oil was extracted using the Soxhlet extraction method. Spirogyra oil was characterized physico-chemically for the evaluation of its quality. Acid value, density, saponification value, peroxide value, as well as viscosity and iodine values were determined and their values were 16.67 ± 3.53 mg KOH/g, 0.859 ± 0.050 g/cm3, 165.33 ± 13.20 mg KOH/g, 4.633 ± 0.252 meq/kg, 5.63 ± 0.833 mm2/mL, and 117.67 ± 13.01 mg I2/g, respectively. Chemical as well as enzymatic transesterification protocols were employed for biodiesel production using NaOCH3 and NOVOZYME-435, respectively. Different reactions parameters involved in transesterification were optimized by the response surface methodology. The optimized yield of biodiesel (77.3 ± 1.27%) by the chemical transesterification of algal oil (spirogyra) was observed by carrying out the reaction for 90 minutes at a reaction temperature of 45 °C using 1.13% catalyst (NaOCH3) concentration and 6:1 methanol:oil. Meanwhile, for enzymatic transesterification, the optimized yield (93.2 ± 1.27%) was obtained by conducting the reaction for 42.5 h at the temperature of 35 °C using 1% enzyme concentration and 4.5:1 methanol:oil. Fuel properties, including flash point, pour point, cloud point, fire point, kinematic viscosity, and density, were determined and their values are 125.67 ± 2.11 °C, −19.67 ± 0.8 °C, −13 ± 1 °C, 138.667 ± 2.52 °C, 5.87 ± 2.20 mm2/mL, and 0.85 6 ± 0.03 g/cm3, respectively. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) and Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis were performed for the monitoring of the transesterification process and fatty acid methyl acid (FAME) profiling, respectively.
Highlights
Energy is a vital necessity for growth and economic development in every sector of life, such as transportation, industrial unit and agriculture [1]
The oil extracted from Spirogyra crassa was characterized by measuring density, acid value (AV), saponification value (SV), peroxide value (PV), and iodine value (IV) using standard analytical protocols
A locally isolated Spirogyra crassa was found to be a good source of oil which was used for the synthesis of biodiesel
Summary
Energy is a vital necessity for growth and economic development in every sector of life, such as transportation, industrial unit and agriculture [1]. The requirement of energy is increasing day by day owing to the expansion of the population and spread of industries throughout the world to meet the requirements of an expanding human pollution. The world largely depends on fossil fuels which are nonrenewable energy resources, and they are depleting [2]. Biodiesel has emerged as an alternate renewable energy resource which is nontoxic and environment friendly [3]. Biodiesel has emerged as an alternate renewable energy resource which is nontoxic and environmentally friendly. They contain a lesser amount of Sulphur, and as such lead to a very small release of oxides of Sulphur [4,5]. Based upon the feedstock/source and technology used for biofuel production, liquid biofuels can be categorized into three generations, namely first generation, second generation, and third generation biofuels [6]
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