Spinoza's Ethics: Freedom and Determinism

Abstract

In Spinoza’s Ethics, freedom seems to have no place in an absolute and necessary order of causality. Moreover, in Spinoza’s philosophy occurs the most strictly identification between cause, reason and nature: cause is reason, reason is cause, and cause is the same thing as necessary causality. Can there be freedom in a universe ruled by necessary causal laws? Can you explain all that is human in a strictly deterministic ethics? How is it in a perfect order the universal presence of irrationality, destructiveness and evil of man? The aim of this work is to shed light on a sense of freedom in Spinoza.