Abstract
BackgroundCar tires are important habitats for mosquito development because of the high density populations they can harbor and their presence in urban settings. Water in experimental tires was treated with one of three insecticides or an untreated control. Aquatic invertebrates were sampled at weekly intervals. Eggs, larval and pupal samples were laboratory-reared to estimate seasonal fluctuations in Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus abundance.ResultsSpinosad treatments at 1 or 5 ppm (mg a.i./liter) provided 6–8 weeks of effective control of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Culex quinquefasiatus and Cx. coronator larvae, both in the dry season and the rainy season when mosquito populations increased markedly in southern Mexico. Spinosad continued to provide partial control of larvae for several weeks after initial recolonization of treated tires. The larvicidal performance of VectoBac 12AS (Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis) was relatively poor with one week of complete control of Aedes spp. larvae and no discernible control of Culex spp., whereas the duration of larvicidal activity of 1% temephos mineral-based granules was intermediate between those of VectoBac and spinosad treatments. Populations of chironomids, ostracods and Toxorhynchites theobaldi were generally reduced in spinosad and temephos treatments, but were similar in control and VectoBac treatments.ConclusionThe present study is the first to report spinosad as an effective larvicide against Cx. coronator, which is currently invading the southern United States. These results substantiate the use of spinosad as a highly effective mosquito larvicide, even in habitats such as unused car tires that can represent prolific sources of adult mosquitoes.
Highlights
Car tires are important habitats for mosquito development because of the high density populations they can harbor and their presence in urban settings
Bti was obtained as a suspension concentrate (VectoBac 12AS, Valent BioSciences Corp., Libertyville, IL) containing 12,000 international toxicity units (ITU)/ml
Results on the control of Culex spp. larvae + pupae during the dry season were similar to those observed for Aedes spp
Summary
Car tires are important habitats for mosquito development because of the high density populations they can harbor and their presence in urban settings. Used car tires are an important habitat for the development of container-dwelling mosquitoes many of which are important vectors of human and wildlife arboviruses. International trade in tires that may contain mosquito immature stages has become an important mechanism for the human-assisted dispersal of some exotic species [1], most notably Ae. albopictus that has reached the Americas, Africa and Europe via contaminated car tires [2,3]. Tire storage facilities, recycling plants and discarded tires are likely to represent localized sources of medically-important mosquito species in rural and urban settings. The public health importance of mosquito development in tires is clearly recognized [4]. The economic impact of dengue virus alone has been conservatively estimated at US$2.1 billion per year in the Americas, mainly in lost productivity and direct medical attention [13]
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