Spinodal for the solution-to-crystal phase transformation

Abstract

The formation of crystalline nuclei from solution has been shown for many systems to occur in two steps: the formation of quasidroplets of a disordered intermediate, followed by the nucleation of ordered crystalline embryos within these droplets. The rate of each step depends on a respective free-energy barrier and on the growth rate of its near-critical clusters. We address experimentally the relative significance of the free-energy barriers and the kinetic factors for the nucleation of crystals from solution using a model protein system. We show that crystal nucleation is 8-10 orders of magnitude slower than the nucleation of dense liquid droplets, i.e., the second step is rate determining. We show that at supersaturations of three or four k(B)T units, crystal nuclei of five, four, or three molecules transform into single-molecule nuclei, i.e., the significant nucleation barrier vanishes below the thermal energy of the molecules. We show that the main factor, which determines the rate of crystal nucleation, is the slow growth of the near-critical ordered clusters within the quasidroplets of the disordered intermediate. Analogous to the spinodal in supersaturated fluids, we define a solution-to-crystal spinodal from the transition to single-molecule crystalline nuclei. We show that heterogeneous nucleation centers accelerate nucleation not only because of the wettinglike effects that lower the nucleation barrier, as envisioned by classical theory, but by helping the kinetics of growth of the ordered crystalline embryos.