Abstract
the presence of high-spin Mn 3 + :t2g 3 eg 1 ions—resulting in a huge change of volume and severe fading of the capacity. [7] The power density (rate capability) of these cathode materials with bulk sizes in the micrometer-regime is generally low due to the high level of polarization at high charge–discharge rates (above 2 C). This high polarization is believed to result from slow lithium diffusion or low electrical conductivity in the active material. Therefore, “nanostructuring” was introduced to overcome these shortcomings, through shortening the diffusion paths for mass transport and increasing the surface area for charge transfer. [8–10] In addition, electrode density is considered to be one of the factors that affects the energy density: a higher electrode density leads to a higher energy density. [11] A
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