Abstract
Regional anesthesia for cardiac surgery is becoming an integral part of a balanced cardiac anesthetic in many tertiary care centers. This article reviews the historical as well as the more recent literature regarding the use of spinal anesthesia in cardiac surgery. Intrathecal morphine and its effects on postoperative pulmonary function are discussed. The use of high-dose intrathecal local anesthetics with or without intrathecal morphine is also reviewed. In addition, a detailed description of the total spinal anesthetic technique is provided. Perioperative risk analysis of regional anesthesia for cardiac surgery, focusing on spinal and epidural hematoma formation, is also discussed.
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