Sphaceloma poinsettiae as a potential biological control agent for wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla)

Abstract

Sphaceloma poinsettiae, a scab-causing fungus that attacks wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) was evaluated as a mycoherbicide. Plants representing nine different E. heterophylla accessions were tested and variable resistance levels to 10 different isolates of S. poinsettiae were observed. One isolate was selected based on its high aggressiveness; it caused scab that led to stem-girdling in the majority of plants belonging to most wild poinsettia accessions. Plants inoculated with conidial suspension developed low disease severity; suspensions of mycelial fragments caused higher disease severity. Viability of mycelium declined rapidly either in storage under room temperature or at 4 °C. After 25 days, 60% of mycelial fragments kept in distilled water at 4 °C or in 35% sterile sucrose solution germinated. Cultures of S. poinsettiae were capable of growing at temperatures ranging from 10 to 30 °C (maximum growth at 25 °C) whereas the mycelial fragments germinated at 20–30 °C. The highest mycelial yield occurred in potato-dextrose broth after culturing for 12 days at 168 rpm at room temperature. A host-range test involving 37 plant species in addition to wild poinsettia indicated that S. poinsettiae is highly specific to E. heterophylla. The viability of S. poinsettiae as a mycoherbicide depends on the development of suitable mass production, formulation, and inoculum preservation methods. On several occasions, this fungus has been observed to cause devastating epidemics in the field on this host; therefore, it should be considered a potential biocontrol agent of wild poinsettia.