Abstract
Spermatids in different stages of development are connected by intercellular bridges. Later the disappearance of these is correlated with sloughing off the residual cytoplasm. At the onset of spermiogenesis, chromatin is agglomerated at the periphery of the nucleus. Later this disperses and no chromatin condensation takes place. There is a steady reduction in the nucleus size. This is correlated with increase in the number of small vesicles and microtubules in the cytoplasm. Eventually the nucleus becomes very small, and is surrounded by a complex system of microtubules. Following spermiogenesis process the mitochondria lose their cristae and contain adielectronic material. The mature sperm is spindle-shaped, tapering at both ends. In both ends there are only microtubules present terminating freely in the cytoplasm. In its middle there are a number of rod-shaped mitochondria containing an electron dense material. The microtubules in the middle part of the sperm are arranged in a hexagonal pattern and in others in rows interspersed with single ones. The structure of Pycnogonum littorale sperm is highly modified, which may explain the special mode of fertilisation.
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