Abstract
Purpose.Due to its safe, low-cost, portable, and real-time nature, ultrasound is a prominent imaging method in computer-assisted interventions. However, typical B-mode ultrasound images have limited contrast and tissue differentiation capability for several clinical applications.Methods.Recent introduction of imaging speed-of-sound (SoS) in soft tissues using conventional ultrasound systems and transducers has great potential in clinical translation providing additional imaging contrast, e.g., in intervention planning, navigation, and guidance applications. However, current pulse-echo SoS imaging methods relying on plane wave (PW) sequences are highly prone to aberration effects, therefore suboptimal in image quality. In this paper we propose using diverging waves (DW) for SoS imaging and study this comparatively to PW.Results.We demonstrate wavefront aberration and its effects on the key step of displacement tracking in the SoS reconstruction pipeline, comparatively between PW and DW on a synthetic example. We then present the parameterization sensitivity of both approaches on a set of simulated phantoms. Analyzing SoS imaging performance comparatively indicates that using DW instead of PW, the reconstruction accuracy improves by over 20% in root-mean-square-error (RMSE) and by 42% in contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). We then demonstrate SoS reconstructions with actual US acquisitions of a breast phantom. With our proposed DW, CNR for a high contrast tumor-representative inclusion is improved by 42%, while for a low contrast cyst-representative inclusion a 2.8-fold improvement is achieved.Conclusion.SoS imaging, so far only studied using a plane wave transmission scheme, can be made more reliable and accurate using DW. The high imaging contrast of DW-based SoS imaging will thus facilitate the clinical translation of the method and utilization in computer-assisted interventions such as ultrasound-guided biopsies, where B-Mode contrast is often to low to detect potential lesions.
Highlights
Ultrasound (US) imaging is indispensable in computerassisted interventions from surgical navigation to operative guidance, thanks to its being a low cost, non-ionizing, portable, and real-time imaging modality
We have presented the use of diverging waves (DW) in pulse-echo SoS image reconstruction, studying it comparatively to existing plane waves (PW) approaches
Analyzing the wavefront aberrations with PW and DW insonifications, DW was seen to cause less aberration artifacts that lead to inaccuracies in displacement estimation
Summary
Ultrasound (US) imaging is indispensable in computerassisted interventions from surgical navigation to operative guidance, thanks to its being a low cost, non-ionizing, portable, and real-time imaging modality. To characterize and map these acoustic properties, transmission-based computed tomography (CT) uses specialized US imaging setups for arrival time and power-loss computation with water-bath suspension of the breast anatomy[21,22] Such transmissionmode US imaging systems do not rely on echoes, i.e. US reflections at tissue interfaces but rather record a transmitted signal directly with another transducer at an opposite location, e.g. in a ring structure. In transmission-mode US imaging, a double-sided access and a water-bath suspension of the anatomical structure is required, e.g., with two opposing [20], ring shaped [5] or full 3D [7] transducer geometries These require costly and non-portable systems and an additional technician to operate, with a limited application on only submersible body parts, e.g. the breast and the extremities
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