Spectroscopic and Calorimetric Studies on the Binding of an Indoloquinoline Drug to Parallel and Antiparallel DNA Triplexes

Abstract

11-Phenyl-substituted indoloquinolines have been found to exhibit significant antiproliferative potency in cancer cells but to show only moderate affinity toward genomic double-helical DNA. In this study, parallel as well as antiparallel triple-helical DNA targets are employed to evaluate the triplex binding of these ligands. UV melting experiments with parallel triplexes indicate considerable interactions with the drug and a strong preference for TAT-rich triplexes in line with an increasing number of potential intercalation sites of similar binding strength between two TAT base triads. Via substitution of a singly charged aminoethylamine side chain by a longer and doubly charged bis(aminopropyl)amine substituent at the ligand, binding affinities increase and also start to exhibit long-range effects as indicated by a strong correlation between the binding affinity and the overall length of the TAT tract within the triplex stem. Compared to parallel triplexes, an antiparallel triplex with a GT-containing third strand constitutes a preferred target for the indoloquinoline drug. On the basis of pH-dependent titration experiments and corroborated by a Job analysis of continuous variation, binding of the drug to the GT triplex not only is strongly enhanced when the solution pH is lowered from 7 to 5 but also reveals a pH-dependent stoichiometry upon formation of the complex. Calorimetric data demonstrate that stronger binding of a protonated drug at acidic pH is associated with a more exothermic binding process. However, at pH 7 and 5, binding is enthalpically driven with additional favorable entropic contributions.