Abstract
V/Ti-, V/Ti/Zr- and V/Ti/Ce-oxide films were prepared using the sol–gel route and deposited by dip-coating. After heating at 300 and 400°C the films showed mixed anodic–cathodic electrochromism similar to V 2O 5 films. In situ UV–VIS spectroelectrochemical measurements revealed a small optical modulation in the films and evaluated their appropriateness for counter electrodes in electrochromic devices. Additionally, a thorough analysis of the IR vibrational spectra (4000–400 cm −1) of amorphous (300°C) and crystalline (400°C) V/Ti-oxide films was made. We investigated the initial, charged and discharged states of films with a molar ratio V:Ti in alkoxide precursors 3:1 and 1:1. We found that Ti formed a solid solution with V when the films were annealed at 300°C. The characteristic V–O–Ti stretching appeared at 790 cm −1. This mode showed a modulation of intensity with charging/discharging indicating the contribution of V and Ti species to the insertion processes. Alternatively, annealing at 400°C leads to a segregation of phases into V 2O 5 and TiO 2 and a decrease in cycling stability.
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