Spectral Lines of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Au<sup>3+</sup>, and Ag<sup>+</sup> Found in Complex Matrices and Interactions of These Ions with Molecules, Cells and Mineral Surfaces

Abstract

Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) is a non-destructive analytical method used to solve problems involving nutritional, mineral, and toxic chemical elements. It is very common in the customization and commerce of jewelry. EDXRF depends on recording spectral lines from the irradiation of isotopes. After a brief review of the interactions of the ions Ca²⁺, Zn²⁺, P, Au³⁺, and Ag⁺ along with the results of the current study it was revealed that the methodology, when used in a semi-quantitative approach, can successfully identify all elements present in a whalebone sample collected from Santa Catarina Island (Brazil). This article serves as an example to explain the molecular reactions of Ca²⁺ and the concentration of elements: Cl^-, Zn²⁺, Br, Fe, Mn, Ca, K, S, P, and Si. It was proposed initially to evaluate spectral lines of Ca²⁺ found in the whalebone (biomarker). The model was then further expanded to explore Ca²⁺ and its relationships to the intra- and extracellular environments, where the plasma membrane Ca²⁺-pump (PMCA) is responsible for Ca²⁺ ejection in most eukaryotic, excitable cells as, eg, in the cardiac tissue with a Na/Ca exchanger. The certified Road Dust (BCR-723, which is in prominence among the reference materials used) could be applied to samples of dust, soils, sediments, fossil fuel, ceramic, and bio-ceramic in general. With the aid of a matching matrix, it has been shown that EDXRF can function even with samples of Au³⁺ and Ag⁺. The results with certified reference samples of Road Dust (BCR-723) and its standards serve as a basis for studies of catalyst supports, an eg aluminum oxide containing titanium, erbium, lanthanum, and other elements, and as a model of charged ions.