Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the results obtained in [38] with the use of the relative index superposition principle for the spectral flow of families of self-adjoint Dirac type operators with classical elliptic boundary conditions on a compact Riemannian manifold with boundary. In the two-dimensional case, such operators arise, for example, when describing electron states in graphene [39] or in topological insulators [33,68], and their spectral flow has an important physical meaning, being related to the creation of electron–hole (or, more generally, particle–antiparticle) pairs.
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