Specimen Collection, Transport, and Processing: Virology

Abstract

In recent years, there have been many advances in diagnostic virology, including improvements in cell culture methods and the development of viral antigen (Ag) and nucleic acid (NA) assays. Regardless of the detection method chosen, accurate test results rely on preanalytical steps, including specimen selection, collection, transport, and processing, that are described in this chapter. General guidelines for these procedures are described. Collection and processing of specific specimen types are then discussed in detail. A final section on specimen transport containing general information and selected topics of importance is included. The use of viral transport medium (VTM) during specimen collection is highly dependent on specimen source. Important specimen information that should be provided includes patient data, ordering physician, specimen source, specific viruses suspected, time and date of specimen collection, and specific diagnostic tests requested. Manufacturers of commercials assays for NA or Ag detection either supply transport media or make recommendations for transport systems that are compatible with their assays. The manufacturer's package insert should therefore be consulted for information on appropriate collection and transport systems. Currently, the majority of diagnostic or clinical specimens can be shipped as biological substances, category B. Only specimens that have or may have a category A pathogen are classified as infectious substance. However, as the field of diagnostic virology evolves, new collection devices, transport systems, and processing methods that enhance detection will continue to be developed.