Abstract
A formal theory is a four-tuple: 1) A countable set of symbols; sequences of symbols are called expressions. 2) A subset of the expressions, called the well-formed formulas (WFFs). 3) A subset of the WFFs, known as the set of axioms. 4) A finite set {R1,…, Rn} of mappings between WFFs, called rules of inference. If rule R maps WFFs w1 and w2 onto w3, we say that w3 is derived from w1 and w2 by rule R.
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