Abstract
Objective: Ayapana triplinervis (Vahl) R.M.King and H. Rob. leaves can be applied as a diuretic and as an antioxidant. Based on its medicinal properties,A. triplinervis can be used as traditional medicine. Therefore, its quality and safety should be guaranteed, which could be verified based on theoutcomes of standardization processes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate some specific and non-specific parameters of simplicia and 70%ethanolic extracts of A. triplinervis leaves from three regions in Indonesia.Methods: The samples were macerated using 70% ethanol.Results: With regard to the specific parameters of A. triplinervis simplicia, the total water-soluble extract was 18.69–29.30%, the total ethanol-solubleextract was 7.73–11.78%, and the total flavonoid content was 3.31–4.10, expressed as mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g simplicia. With regard to the nonspecificparameters, the total drying losses were 13.61–14.55%, the total ash content was 11.54–11.83%, and the total acid insoluble ash content was1.90–2.66%. In the extracts, the total flavonoid content was 14.94–22.41 expressed as mg RE/g extract, while for the non-specific parameters, the totalwater content was 11.07–12.66%, the total ash content was 10.55–10.89%, and the total acid insoluble ash content was 0.25–0.32%.Conclusion: The parameters identified could be used to determine the safety and stability of extracts and simplicial before administration to treatvarious ailments.
Highlights
Simplicia of A. triplinervis leaves from the three regions was similar in the form of single leaves, lanceolate-shaped leaves, leaf base and leaf tip pointed, flat-leaf edges, pinnate leaf bones, short leaf stalks, leaves 5–8 cm in length, leaves 1–2 cm wide, and brownish-green colored leaves
Organoleptic properties of A. triplinervis leaf powder from the three regions were similar in the form of dry powder, green colored powder, non-specific smell, and a fairly bitter taste
Simplicia of A. triplinervis leaves from the three regions was based on their contents, including alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and glycosides
Summary
A. triplinervis contains saponins, flavonoids, quercetin, rutin, alkaloids, polyphenols, carotene, and Vitamin C [3,4,5]. A. triplinervis leaf extracts can be used as diuretics, antipyretics, and antidiarrheal [2,4]. Based on the previous studies by Matos et al (2014) and Melo et al (2013), A. triplinervis leaf extracts exhibit various pharmacological activities, including antianorexic, sedative, antifungal, antiparasitic, analgesic, anticoagulant, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities [6,7]. Maceration is a method of extracting simplicia at room temperature using a solvent with shaking several times. The underlying principle applied is concentration on balance. Kinetic maceration is maceration with continuous stirring, while remaceration is maceration by adding solvent repeatedly after the screening of the first mass [8]
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