Species-Specific Humoral Immune Responses in Sheep and Goats upon Small Ruminant Lentivirus Infections Inversely Correlate with Protection against Virus Replication and Pathological Lesions.

Rodolphe Michiels,Nick Vereecke,Nick De Regge,Stefan Roels,Laurent Mostin,Elisabeth Mathijs

doi:10.3390/ijms22189824

Rodolphe Michiels, Nick Vereecke + Show 4 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189824

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Abstract

Maedi-Visna-like genotype A strains and Caprine arthritis encephaltis-like genotype B strains are small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) which, for incompletely understood reasons, appear to be more virulent in sheep and goats, respectively. A 9-month in vivo infection experiment using Belgian genotype A and B SRLV strains showed that almost all homologous (genotype A in sheep; genotype B in goats) and heterologous (genotype A in goats; genotype B in sheep) intratracheal inoculations resulted in productive infection. No differences in viremia and time to seroconversion were observed between homologous and heterologous infections. Higher viral loads and more severe lesions in the mammary gland and lung were however detected at 9 months post homologous compared to heterologous infection which coincided with strongly increased IFN-γ mRNA expression levels upon homologous infection. Pepscan analysis revealed a strong antibody response against immune-dominant regions of the capsid and surface proteins upon homologous infection, which was absent after heterologous infection. These results inversely correlated with protection against virus replication in target organs and observed histopathological lesions, and thus require an in-depth evaluation of a potential role of antibody dependent enhancement in SRLV infection. Finally, no horizontal intra- and cross-species SRLV transmission to contact animals was detected.

Highlights

Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) and Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), referred to as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), are two related retroviruses infecting sheep and goats which are worldwide distributed but are predominantly found in developed countries
Results from ELISA and qPCR analyses on samples of contact animals that had been housed with the inoculated animals for 8 months showed that no SRLV transmission to contact animals was detected during the entire experiment
Since no differences were observed in the onset of viremia and seroconversion between productively infected sheep and goats with both genotype A and B strains, we subsequently evaluated whether strain specific differences in SRLV pathogenesis could be found upon infection of sheep and goats

Summary

Introduction

Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) and Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), referred to as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), are two related retroviruses infecting sheep and goats which are worldwide distributed but are predominantly found in developed countries. The airborne transmission route is usually favored in overcrowded stables where infected and healthy animals are raised together for a prolonged period of time [1,2,3,4]. These viruses are characterized by a slow and progressive infection inducing inflammatory lesions in the mammary gland, lung, joints and brain.

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