Abstract
Throughout human history, coastal and marine resources have been a vital part of human subsistence. As a result archaeological faunal assemblages from coastal sites often contain large quantities of skeletal remains indicative of human interaction with marine mammals. However, these are often hard to identify due to a unique combination of factors regarding the procurement, utilisation, morphological and physical characteristics of marine mammal bones. These factors often result in a large number of archaeological cetacean and pinniped specimens fragmented beyond visual recognition, being labelled ‘whale’ or ‘marine mammal’. In this paper we report the development of a Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) method of collagen fingerprinting, for efficient and low cost discrimination of a wide range of marine mammal species including cetaceans and pinnipeds. We apply the technique to more than fifty archaeological specimens from seven different North Atlantic sites ranging from the Mesolithic until the Early Modern period.
Highlights
Coastal activities have been important to hominids from the earliest times, with studies on Neanderthals at different sites across Gibraltar providing evidence that marine mammal exploitation predates modern humans (Erlandson, 2001; Sabin, 2005; Stringer et al, 2008)
In this paper we report the development of a Zooarchaeology by Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS) method, initially designed to separate sheep from goat (Buckley, 2008; Buckley et al, 2010), as a tool that can distinguish a wide range of marine mammal species
Sequencing-grade trypsin was purchased from Promega (UK) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), ammonium bicarbonate (ABC), mass spectrometric standards and a-cyano-4
Summary
Coastal activities have been important to hominids from the earliest times, with studies on Neanderthals at different sites across Gibraltar providing evidence that marine mammal exploitation predates modern humans (Erlandson, 2001; Sabin, 2005; Stringer et al, 2008). Marine mammals comprise the cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises), pinnipeds (earless (true) seals, eared seals (sea lions and fur seals) and walruses) and sirenians (sea-cows). These groups are not related and differ markedly in ecology and behaviour.
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