Abstract
BackgroundInsect species composition is an important phenomenon playing a significant role in the ecosystem. Chemical control of insects and pests releases toxic materials to the environment. These chemicals are dangerous to human populations. In this situation, there is a dire need to develop strategies to overcome the haphazard use of chemicals. The present investigations were carried out to explore the diversity of different insects attracted through bait fermentation.MethodsThe traditionally prepared bait fermentation was used to attract different insect populations both in treated (traps installed near field crops) and control traps (traps installed near invasive weed). Abundance, evenness, richness and equitability of these trapped insects were calculated. The chemical screening of bait fermentation was done using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS).ResultsSignificant difference (P < 0.05) in abundance of insect populations was found in treated compared to control trap. The insects of Noctuidae family recorded high Shannon- Wiener’s diversity index followed by Muscidae. Margalef’s index was recorded maximum in the treated traps (10.77) compared to those of control (8.09). The yielded index indicated that maximum richness was found in bait treated compared to control. The Shannon’s equitability’s values were investigated higher in Noctuidae (1.48), while, maximum evenness was observed in Muscidae (2.05) in treated trap. This fermentation was dried at room temperature and ground at 0.1 micron size. Our result showed significant (P < 0.05) effects of extraction times, with high yield in first extraction by polar solvents. Co-efficient of determination (R2= 0.87) recorded similar results in both extractions, however high root mean square error (0.97) recorded with bait + distilled water solvent showed linear arc line gave better performance. Finally, this fermentation was analyzed using GC–MS and recorded volatile compounds that were involved in the attraction of major and minor pests.ConclusionFermentation can help for the attraction of different families of insects of various crops. The field experiment suggested that this fermentation is economical, easily installed and consumed only 0.64 RMB/0.09 USD, including infrastructures per location. Bait fermentation is safe biochemical constituents and did not spread any toxic chemicals to the environment.
Highlights
Synthetic pesticides are frequently used in agriculture to control different types of insects in the world
The results showed that insects of Lapidoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Neuroptera attracted by the pharomonic activity of bait fermentation were well distributed both in control and treated traps
These results are in agreement with the scientists who reported that the insect populations of Noctuidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae families increased by sugar fermented traps [30, 67, 68]
Summary
Synthetic pesticides are frequently used in agriculture to control different types of insects in the world These pesticides are creating resistance against diversified insectpests in maize, millet, soybean, sunflower, sesame and vegetable crops. These synthetic organic compounds spread toxic chemicals in the environment [1,2,3,4]. These toxic chemicals are causing respiratory diseases, skin itchiness, redness, and cardiovascular diseases, in human beings during the hand or aerial spray process [5,6,7,8,9] These are toxic to live stocks and birds because they are highly abundant dwellers of the field crops [10, 11]. Chemical control of insects and pests releases toxic materials to the environment These chemicals are dangerous to human populations. The present investigations were carried out to explore the diversity of different insects attracted through bait fermentation
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