Species Diversity of Cyanobacteria and Desmids of a Drinking Water Source under Anthropogenic Pressure, and Their Implication in Toxin Production and Water Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa (Burkina Faso, Western Africa)

Minata Ouattara,Bilassé Zongo,Frédéric Zongo

doi:10.4236/jwarp.2021.1312054

Abstract

Drinking water sources in many African countries have been progressively degraded over the past decades. This degradation due to human activities leads to the proliferation of algae, especially toxin-producing cyanobacteria. The presence of toxigenic algae in water has adverse consequences on human and animal health. This study aimed to determine the diversity and density of Cyanobacteria and Desmids and to identify toxin-producing cyanobacteria and environmental variables that influenced the structure of these groups of microalgae in the Loumbila reservoir in Burkina Faso located in the western part of Africa. Algal samples were collected and physico-chemical parameters were measured. Plankton species were observed under a light microscope and identified using standard methods. Species density was determined by cell counting using a Fuchs-Rosenthal chamber. Kruskal Wallis and Pearson correlation tests were performed using R software. A canonical analysis was performed using CANOCO software. In total, 205 algal species were inventoried, of which 83 species composed of 37 species of Cyanobacteria and 46 species of Desmids were identified. Microcystis aeruginosa, Staurodesmus convergens and Cosmarium connatum var africanum had the highest presence index respectively (100%, 83.333% and 77.77%). Among cyanobacteria species, toxin-producing species (30 species) and microcystin-producing species (28 species) had the highest number. In terms of species density, Microcystis aeruginosa was the most abundant species. The density of toxin-producing cyanobacteria was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, transparency, nitrates, and orthophosphates. However, at p < 0.05, desmids community was only correlated with dissolved oxygen, transparency, and conductivity. Furthermore, canonical analysis showed that temperature, dissolved oxygen, transparency, and orthophosphates influenced the density of both cyanobacteria and Desmids. These results reveal the high occurrence of toxin-producing cyanobacteria and certainly high toxins produced in the drinking water source. Basic tools should be developed for monitoring of cyanotoxins in drinking water sources and drinking water supplied to population to consider cyanotoxins during water treatment.

Highlights

Drinking water supply is a vital issue for people living in the African continent, as the continent is experiencing high population growth thereby increasing water needs [1]
Canonical analysis showed that temperature, dissolved oxygen, transparency, and orthophosphates influenced the density of both cyanobacteria and Desmids. These results reveal the high occurrence of toxin-producing cyanobacteria and certainly high toxins produced in the drinking water source
Considering species diversity of cyanobacteria and desmids, and their implication in toxins production and water quality of the Loumbila reservoir in Burkina Faso, this study aimed to characterize the pollution level of a water body under anthropogenic pressure and provide related scientific data for future protection of populations using drinking water supplied from such source

Summary

Introduction

Drinking water supply is a vital issue for people living in the African continent, as the continent is experiencing high population growth thereby increasing water needs [1]. The city is supplied by the “Office National de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement (ONEA)”, the only public drinking water utility This company obtains water from two reservoirs, one of which is the Loumbila reservoir to serve the city of Ouagadougou. The water from this reservoir is used for market gardening, watering animals, fishing and major public works These activities, especially agricultural, have led to the advanced degradation of its quality. The degradation of an aquatic ecosystem leads to algal blooms that considerably reduce the availability of oxygen and light in the water [7] Some algal groups, such as Desmids, due to their low tolerance to inorganic salts are indicators of trophic status and water pollution [8] [9]. The soil, the morphological characteristics, and the low water flow of the water body have an effect on the formation of a specific community of cyanobacteria [13] and desmids

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