Species diversity deflation: Insight into taxonomic validity of Garra species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from Dhofar Region in the Arabian Peninsula using an integrated morpho-molecular approach

Abstract

Garra is the most species-rich genus of freshwater fishes in the Arabian Peninsula, including Oman, which has eight recognized, species restricted mainly to the Hajar and Dhofar mountains. Garra species from the Dhofar region in Oman are reviewed based on integrated morphological and molecular (COI) data of newly collected fishes from the type localities of G. sindhae and G. smartae, and a new population from Wadi Laggashalyon. No diagnostic character was found to distinguish the two species and the Laggashalyon population as distinct taxa. Garra dunsirei, another species endemic to a sinkhole at Tawi Attair, a very difficult area to access at a depth of about 211 m, was examined here based on the GenBank data and the diagnostic characters given in the original descriptions of the studied Garra species. In addition, the phylogenetic tree placed the sequenced Omani Garra fishes into nine groups with K2P sequence divergence of 0.8% (G. smartae and G. smartae_Laggasaylon); 1.2% (G. smartae and G. sindhae), and 14.5% (G. Shamal and G. dunsirei) in their COI barcode region. A molecular species delimitation approach using PTP, also detected one entity for Garra species from the Dhofar region (G. dunsirei, G. sindhae and the both populations of G. smartae), which is consistent with our morphological data. Therefore, based on absence of diagnostic characters, low genetic distance, and molecular species delimitation approach, we treat G. sindhae and G. smartae as junior synonyms of G. dunsirei.